![]() ![]() ![]() Some authors kept on using the term in a neutral sense up until the later part of the 20th century, at which point the use of nigger became increasingly seen as controversial regardless of its context or intent. Building up on these mildly disparaging social meanings, the word took on a derogatory connotation from the mid-18th century onward, to the extent that it had "degenerated into an overt slur" by the middle of the 19th century. Rather than demonstrating a hostile meaning of the word itself, early attested uses during the Atlantic slave trade (16th–19th century) often conveyed a patronizing tone that reflects the underlying attitudes held towards black people by their white authors. It was initially seen as a relatively neutral term, essentially synonymous with the English word negro. They go back to the Latin adjective niger (), meaning "black". The word nigger, then spelled in English neger or niger, appeared in the 16th century as an adaptation of French nègre, itself from Spanish negro. In an instance of linguistic reappropriation, the term nigger is also used casually and fraternally among African Americans, most commonly in the form of nigga, whose spelling originated from the phonological system of African-American English. Starting in the 1980s, references to nigger have been progressively replaced by the euphemism " the N-word", notably in cases where nigger is mentioned but not directly used. In the English language, the word nigger is an ethnic slur used against black people, especially African Americans. ![]() Presenting a wealth of material on magical words, signs, and charms, both common and obscure, Lecouteux also explores the magical words and spells of ancient Scandinavia, the Hispano-Arabic magic of Spain before the Reconquista, the traditions passed down from ancient Egypt, and those that have stayed in use until the present day.For other uses, see Nigger (disambiguation), N-word (disambiguation), and Nigga. He reveals the inherent versatility of magic words and how each sorcerer or witch had a set of stock phrases they would combine to build a custom spell for the magical need at hand. He charts their evolution and derivations through the centuries, showing, for example, how spells that were once intended to put out fires evolved to protect people from witchcraft. Drawing upon thousands of medieval accounts and famous manuscripts such as the Heptameron of Peter Abano, the author examines the origins of each word or spell, offering detailed instructions on their successful use, whether for protection, love, wealth, or healing. And as scholar Claude Lecouteux reveals, often the more impenetrable they seem, the more effective they are.Īnalyzing more than 7,000 spells from the magical traditions of Europe as well as the magical papyri of the Greeks and recently discovered one-of-a-kind grimoires from Scandinavia, France, and Germany, Lecouteux has compiled a comprehensive dictionary of ancient magic words, phrases, and spells along with an in-depth exploration-the first in English-of secret magical alphabets, including those based on Hebrew letters, Kabbalistic symbols, astrological signs, and runes. Passed down from ancient Babylon, Egypt, and Greece, these words and the rituals surrounding them have survived through the millennia because they work. They have become part of the popular imagination of the Western world. Includes an in-depth exploration of secret magical alphabets, including those based on Hebrew letters, Kabbalistic symbols, astrological signs, and runesįrom Abracadabra to the now famous spells of the Harry Potter series, magic words are no longer confined to the practices of pagans, alchemists, witches, and occultists.Based on the magical traditions of Europe, Greece, and Egypt and recently discovered one-of-a-kind grimoires from Scandinavia, France, and Germany.Explains the origins, derivatives, and practical usage of each word, phrase, and spell as well as how they can be combined for custom spells.A comprehensive handbook of more than 1,000 magical words, phrases, symbols, and secret alphabets ![]()
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